Down-regulation of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase gene in switchgrass reveals a novel monolignol analog

<p> <h4> Background </h4></p><p> Down-regulation of the caffeic acid 3- <em> O </em> -methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.68 (COMT) gene in the lignin biosynthetic pathway of switchgrass ( <em> Panicum virgatum </em> ) resulted in cell walls of transgenic plants releasing more constituent sugars after pretreatment by dilute acid and treatment with glycosyl hydrolases from an added enzyme preparation and from <em> Clostridium thermocellum </em> . Fermentation of both wild-type and transgenic switchgrass after milder hot water pretreatment with no water washing showed that only the transgenic switchgrass inhibited <em> C. thermocellum </em> . Gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry (GCMS)-based metabolomics were undertaken on cell wall aqueous extracts to determine the nature of the microbial inhibitors. <h4> Results </h4></p><p> GCMS confirmed the increased concentration of a number of phenolic acids and aldehydes that are known inhibitors of microbial fermentation. Metabolomic analyses of the transgenic biomass additionally revealed the presence of a novel monolignol-like metabolite, identified as <em> trans </em> -3, 4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol ( <em> iso </em> -sinapyl alcohol) in both non-pretreated, as well as hot water pretreated samples. <em> iso </em> -Sinapyl alcohol and its glucoside were subsequently generated by organic synthesis and the identity of natural and synthetic materials were confirmed by mass spectrometric and NMR analyses. The additional novel presence of <em> iso </em> -sinapic acid, <em> iso </em> -sinapyl aldehyde, and <em> iso </em> -syringin suggest the increased activity of a <em> para </em> -methyltransferase, concomitant with the reduced COMT activity, a strict <em> meta </em> -methyltransferase. Quantum chemical calculations were used to predict the most likely homodimeric lignans generated from dehydration reactions, but these products were not evident in plant samples. <h4> Conclusions </h4></p><p> Down-regulation of COMT activity in switchgrass resulted in the accumulation of previously undetected metabolites resembling sinapyl alcohol and its related metabolites, but that are derived from <em> para </em> -methylation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, and related precursors and products; the accumulation of which suggests altered metabolism of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol in switchgrass. Given that there was no indication that <em> iso </em> -sinapyl alcohol was integrated in cell walls, it is considered a monolignol analog. Diversion of substrates from sinapyl alcohol to free <em> iso </em> -sinapyl alcohol, its glucoside, and associated upstream lignin pathway changes, including increased phenolic aldehydes and acids, are together associated with more facile cell wall deconstruction, and to the observed inhibitory effect on microbial growth. However, <em> iso </em> -sinapyl alcohol and <em> iso </em> -sinapic acid, added separately to media, were not inhibitory to <em> C. thermocellum </em> cultures.</p>