Investigating The Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Clinical Outcomes.

<p> <h1> Background </h1></p><p> Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can be described as the loss of the kidney function over time. Symptoms usually develop slowly, and it may not appear in early stages. Lab tests can confirm a CKD diagnosis. The approximate number of incidents per year is more than 200,000 cases, and approximately 30 million people are living with CKD today in the United States. This long-standing disease ultimately leads to renal failure at the end. At this present time, there are no known cures for CKD, and the only treatment available is dialysis. <h1> Objectives </h1></p><p> The purpose of this study is to determine the association between CKD and further with hemodialysis (HD) and medical condition such as cardiac complications, cardiogenic shock, hemorrhage, anemia, vascular complication, postop respiratory failure, post op infarct hemorrhage, acute renal failure, new temporary pacemaker, new permanent pacemaker, pericardial complications, and death. <h1> Study design </h1></p><p> The study employed secondary data in a cross-sectional design. <h1> Methods </h1></p><p> A sample of 106,969 was drawn from the population. The outcome variables were a diagnosis of CKD and/or CKD with HD. The predictor variables were cardiac complications, cardiogenic shock, hemorrhage, anemia, vascular complication, postop respiratory failure, post op infarct hemorrhage, acute renal failure, new temporary pacemaker, new permanent pacemaker, pericardial complications and death. Logistic regression was conducted to analyze the relationship between outcome variable and each independent variable. Variables with a p-value <h1> Results </h1></p><p> Analysis shows that subjects with cardiac complications were 17% less likely to have CKD as compared to those who did not have cardiac complications (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.88). CKD patients who had cardiac complications were 18% more likely to have HD than the subjects who did not have cardiac complications (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.39). Patients with cardiogenic shock were 86% more likely to have CKD than the subjects who did not have cardiogenic shock (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.82-1.91). CKD patients who had cardiogenic shock were also 18% more likely to have HD than the subjects who did not have cardiogenic shock (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11-1.25). We have similar results if a patient had other conditions. <h1> Conclusion </h1></p><p> Chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis is significantly associated by the other medical conditions such as cardiac complications cardiogenic shock, hemorrhage, anemia, vascular complication, postop respiratory failure, post op infarct hemorrhage, acute renal failure, new temporary pacemaker, new permanent pacemaker, pericardial complications and death in the United States. Further studies are needed to confirm the results and to understand the prognosis.</p>