Quantum Chemistry Calculations of DMPO and DMPO-OH - Water Clusters

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affecting one-third of the United States' population. This study examined association between multiple modifiable risk factors for CVD and hypertension in rural Appalachia. The objectives of the research is to: Examine the prevalence and modifiable risk factors for hypertension, describe the burden of hypertension in asymptomatic Appalachian population, identify the disparities in hypertension burden in the United States, and to explain the importance of adopting multiple risk factors approach to addressing cardiovascular diseases in the United States. Between January 2011 and December 2012, 1629 asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia participated in screening for subclinical atherosclerosis and were asked to report their hypertension status (yes/no). Additionally, data on 2 non-modifiable risk factors (sex, age) and 5 modifiable risk factors (obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess association between hypertension and risk factors. The research showed the following results: Of the 1629 participants, about half (49.8%) had hypertension. Among hypertensives, 31.4% were obese and 62.3% had hypercholesterolemia. After adjusting for sex and age, obesity and diabetes were associated with increased odds of having hypertension by more than two-folds ([OR=2.02, CI=1.57-2.60] and [OR=2.30, CI=1.66- 3.18], respectively) and hypercholesterolemia and sedentary lifestyle were associated with higher odds for hypertension ([OR=1.26, CI=1.02-1.56) and [OR=1.38, CI=1.12-1.70], respectively), compared to referent groups. Compared to those without hypertension, having 2, 3, and 4-5 modifiable risk factors were associated with increased odds of having hypertension by about two-folds [OR=1.72, CI=1.21-2.44], two and half folds [OR=2.55, 1.74-3.74], and six folds [OR=5.96, 3.42-10.41], respectively. In conclusion: The study suggests that odds of having hypertension increases with higher number of modifiable risk factors for CVD. Hence, implementing an integrated CVD program for treating and controlling modifiable risk factors of hypertension would likely decrease the future risk of CVD